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Anuario 2018
ISBN
9788474768244
Editorial
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas
Fecha de la edición
2020
Colección
Fuera de Colección
Dimensiones
21 cm x 30 cm
N° Pág
294
The main function of the CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, or Centre for Sociological Research) is to study attitudes and behaviour within Spanish society and measure their stability and change over time. This yearbook is part of a series that started in 2012. It compiles results from monthly opinion barometers conducted via individual surveys carried out during 2018. It presents questions of particular relevance - some of which are repeated monthly whereas others relate to the specific theme of each survey. The aim is to offer the public a more visual and approachable selection of the data that is generated annually by this institution.
This edition consists of the following: an initial section that sets out a detailed description of the methodology used throughout the document; ten themed chapters; and an appendix containing the technical data sheets from the studies used for this yearbook. The first two chapters are longitudinal in nature, reflecting perceptions of the economic and political situation and an assessment of the government and the opposition. It is followed by eight themed chapters, covering subjects such as health and therapies, intergenerational relations, data protection, leisure time and tourism, the Spanish Constitution and satisfaction with democracy, climate change, the European Union and opinions on fiscal policy.
The tables presented help us understand what type of people surveyed are most likely to hold each of the opinions contained in the surveys, according to a selection of characteristics. These include socio-demographic features such as sex, age, education, employment situation, marital status and socio-economic status, as well as others such as the size of the place where they live, ideology, voting record and religious practice. This yearbook therefore presents not only the general opinions or behaviours of those interviewed, but also offers the option of looking in detail at the opinions and behaviour for specific groups. The databases used to create this yearbook, as well as all the surveys, series and questions carried out by the CIS since 1999 can be found on its website (www.cis.es) where they can be viewed or downloaded free of charge.
Madrid, 30 April 2020
The 2018 yearbook includes a selection of the more relevant data taken from the year's CIS barometers. The section "Perceptions about the economic and political situation" combines the core questions from the different barometers dealing with this subject - both from a retrospective and a prospective point of view. The "Assessment of the government and the opposition" section offers a review of respondents' assessments of the government, opposition, ministers and main political leaders in the political barometers usually conducted in January, April, July and October. Due to the unusual political situation in 2018, this section is structured differently to previous yearbooks: it includes series on the successive PP and PSOE governments and the tables and graphs have therefore been adapted to the questions and time points that existed then.
The other sections represent a selection of the questions from each monthly theme. To this end, a balance has been sought between the relevance of each indicator and the number of questions chosen for that month. However, on occasion, the choice of certain sets of questions has necessitated more space.
In presenting the data for each question, we have tried to maintain a similar structure in each chapter. Thus, the blocks on "Perceptions about the economic and political situation" and "Assessment of the government and the opposition" incorporate the annual longitudinal evolution of those opinions with a graph representing the responses, monthly or quarterly.
The monthly themed blocks show the marginal frequencies (or averages, as the case may be) for each of the selected questions, also accompanied by a specific graph. In most cases, these graphs represent the percentage of each response option on an axis from 0% to 100%. However, for some specific questions - such as the average rating of political leaders and ministers - this representation has been adjusted to a scale with lower and upper limits that are close to the data in order to ensure its visibility (from 0 to 5), given the proximity of these values.
For easier identification, a representative name has been assigned to the content of the tables included, referring to the month or themed block to which they belong. For example, the first table in the block "Perceptions about the economic and political situation" is called "SIT1 Table"; the first table in the block "Assessment about the government and the opposition" is labelled "POL1 Table"; the first table in the February barometer is called "F1 Table", and so on for the remaining months. These tables are a transcription of the question and response categories from the original questionnaire.
Below are cross-reference tables showing variables that have the most common sociodemographic and political indicators offered by the CIS to its users: sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation, social class, ideology, voting record, religion and residential location. Some of the variables included have been re-coded, or transformed, for easier reading and interpretation of the data which are generally calculated for each category of the indicators mentioned (in row percentages). Only for some questions have these percentages been calculated by column and where this is the case, it is pointed out in the document.
New for the 2018 yearbook is the inclusion of tables showing the results of two or three questions with complementary or similar content combined into a single table. For easier comparison, certain response options are shown, and alongside the percentage, the number of respondents (n). As with the 2017 yearbook, some annual time series are also included (continuously since 2003) from the chapter "Public opinion and fiscal policy".
Age and social class variables keep the same categories that the CIS provides for the different surveys through its website. However, education, work situation, ideology, voting record, religion and habitat have been re-coded differently to present a more summarised table of results.
Age incorporates the following ranges: up to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 and over. Under the ideology variable, the mid-range values 5 and 6 have not been grouped. The other values have been grouped: on the left, the values 1-2 and 3-4; and on the right, the values 7-8 and 9-10.
The tables in the chapter on "Public opinion and fiscal policy" also include the answer option "none", which was included in the 2018 barometer. The residential-location size categories have been classified as follows: places with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants as "small town or city"; 10,001 to 100,000 inhabitants as "medium city"; 100,001 to 1,000,000 inhabitants as "large city"; and over 1,000,000 inhabitants as "large population centre".
In creating the education, social class and religion variables, a combination of questions has been used. For education, the question about whether or not someone attended school and the question that records their highest level of education are combined to create the following categories: "primary school or below", "lower secondary school", "middle school", "higher secondary school", "higher vocational training", and "university".
The religion variable integrates the definition of religious matters with the frequency of religious practice, to create three categories: "practicing believer", "non-practicing believer", and "atheist, non-believer."
With regard to voting record, the question of whether or not the respondent voted at the last election is combined with the question of which party they voted for. And for each month, the political parties and groupings standing at the previous election are taken into account. In this case, the parties that stood in the June 2016 general elections are used for reference.
son los partidos presentados en las elecciones generales de junio de 2016. Alongside the parties are the categories "wasn't old enough", "blank", "didn't vote", "doesn't remember", and "no response". The category "didn't vote" covers all options - including being prevented from or inhibited from voting under any of the two original questions (went to vote but couldn't do so, didn't go to vote because was unable to, preferred not to vote, and vote void). The option "wasn't entitled to vote" (reflecting a lack of voting rights) is not shown in the ranking.
The social class variable is created from the responses given by respondents to three questions: employment situation, occupation and socioeconomic status, in accordance with Spain's National Classification of Occupations ("CNO") 2011 and Spain's National Classification of Economic Activities ("CNAE") 2009. The five categories for this variable are: "upper/upper-middle class" (includes professionals and technical specialists, managers and middle managers); "new middle classes" (non-manual employees); "old middle classes" (entrepreneurs, self-employed and farmers); "skilled workers" (skilled manual workers, foremen and craftsmen); "unskilled workers" (workers in industry and services; and agricultural labourers).
The response categories "don't know (DK)" and "no response (NR)" for the explanatory variables are only shown in the tables in cases where this figure itself makes sense. Thus, "DK" and "NR" have been included when presenting political ideology; "doesn't remember" and "NR" under voting record; and "NR" under the religion variable. However in other cases (sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and social class) they are not included due to their residual nature.
In addition, where included in the design of the questionnaire, we specify whether this relates to a "Spontaneous response" on the part of the respondent when asked the question and, on other occasions, whether the interviewer was instructed not to offer it as a category for a predetermined response option - in which case "DO NOT READ" is shown next to that category. This is the situation with the "not applicable" category, which does not represent a response as such, but includes any situations where, due to the respondent's personal situation, the question does not apply.
The fact that some of the categories for the different indicators do not feature strongly among respondents' responses, together with the fact that the total sample is distributed across the groups generated by stratifying the cross-over variables, forces us to highlight the limitations it imposes when interpreting the percentages. The number of people (n) who answer that question by category or as a whole is therefore shown in parentheses.
The information provided for the selected questions is sometimes partial, for easier reading. Thus, for example, the response options "a lot" and "quite a lot" used in some sets of questions to capture both frequency and degree of agreement, have been grouped under the option "a lot + quite a lot" and the other response options ("a little" and "not at all") have been excluded. In other cases, response categories have been grouped where the result has been deemed relevant or for the purpose of summarising and facilitating comparison. This is the case, for example, with the question on "Guarantees for protecting personal data on the internet", where two response options ("very high + high") are grouped together.
Generally, the aim is to present the most significant result for the type of question, so that, sometimes, only one piece of information is incorporated. This is the case with the chapter entitled "Public opinion and fiscal policy", where only the category "very few" is showing for the question relating to "Resources allocated to different public services".
On the other hand, for questions that include the option of giving more than one answer (for example: first and second place), only the data referring to the first place are represented in the cross-reference tables. In addition, for 0 to 10 scales, when it is not part of a set of questions, the categories have been grouped for easier reading: 0-2, 3-4, 5, 6-7 and 8-10.
Throughout the document there are multiple-choice questions that aggregate the answers given by the respondents to a list of options. Unlike the other questions, for these questions (n) represents the totality of answers instead of the totality of people who have answered. The interviewer marks all answers mentioned by the respondent, which means that the sum of the column percentages is greater than 100. At times, to make the table easier to read for multiple-choice questions, the most frequently mentioned answers are chosen - such as, for example, the question about "Ways of personally enjoying your main days off", where certain representative activities have been selected.
The technical data sheets relating to each of the barometers in this yearbook can be found in an appendix.
- Assessment of the management of the PP Central Government
- Assessment Of The Role Of The Leader Of The Opposition (Central Government)
- Degree of trust invested in the president of the government: Mariano Rajoy
- Awareness and assessment scale (0-10) of the ministers of the PP government
- Awareness and assessment scale (0-10) of national and regional political leaders
- Assessment of the governance of Psoe’s Central Government
- Degree of trust invested in the president of the government: Pedro Sánchez
- Awareness and assessment scale (0-10) of the ministers of the Psoe government
- Awareness of different non-conventional health treatments
- Awareness on the function of different non-conventional health treatments.
- Professional non-conventional health areceived (last 12 months)
- Awareness and reception of different non-conventional health treatments (summary)
- Reasons to abstain from recurring to non-conventional health treatments
- Reasons for personally recurring to non-conventional health treatments (last twelve months)
- Contributions of grandparents to spanish society
- Reasons to state that a certain person is a senior citizen
- Relationship with persons other than the ones they live with
- Frequency of phone conversations with different people you do not live with
- Frequency with which you talk personally with different people with whom you do not live
- Help or assistance of any type provided over the last six months to people in their immediate social network
- Receipt of different types of help in the last six months from individuals within your closest social circle
- Level of information with regard to the risks associated with providing personal data
- Level of information with regard to the risks associated to providing personal data
- Degree of likelihood to have one’s personal data used for inappropriate purposes
- Degree of agreement with different statements on the level of security provided by social media
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Frequency of use of security measures in the internet: reading privacy policies
- Frequency of use of security measures in the internet: using tools to prevent web tracking
- Frequency of use of security measures in the internet (summary)
- Precautions taken in the internet to ensure safety of personal data
- Ideas related to leisure travelling
- Preferred duration of leisure travels
- Preferred destination of leisure travels (more/less busy tourist attractions)
- Preferred programing of leisure travels (more/less busy tourist attractions)
- Preferred destination and scheduling of leisure travels
- Preferred themes and goals of leisure travels (summary)
- Manners of personally enjoying main leisure days
- Degree of satisfaction with the spanish constitution
- Position with regard to a reform of the spanish constitution
- Type of reform that should be made of the Spanish constitution
- Pride as a spaniard towards the process of transition to democracy
- Degree of satisfaction with how democracy works in Spain
- Preferred political regime
- Assessment of relevance of the issues addressed in the congress and the senate
- Opinion on whether extreme droughts or floods are events that have always happened or they are climate-change related
- Awareness of current climate change and opinion on extreme events (summary)
- Degree of influence of human action, industrial activity, traffic, gas emissions, etc. In climate change gases, etc.
- Personal changes that need to be made in order to fight climate change
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Degree of agreement with popular opinions on climate change
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Personal identification with different territorial scopes
- Influence that Spain must aim to achieve on the decisions made with regard to Europe and on EU policies
- Political group that has the most influence on the policies developed by the European Union
- Political group that you would like to have the most influence on the policies developed by the European Union
- Degree of trust in different political institutions
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- In your opinion, priority issues for Spanish political parties in the European parliament
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Degree of satisfaction with how different public services work
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality (cont.)
- Functionality of taxes
- Assessment of public expense in different public services
- Frequencies and graphical representation
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by gender, age, marital status, education, employment status and social class
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Cross-references by ideology, voting history, religion and locality
- Compensations provided to society in exchange of payment to public administration of taxes and fees (summary)
- The assessment of the benefits received personally and by the family for the payment of taxes and contributions to public administrations
- Compensations provided to society in exchange of payment to public administration of taxes and fees
- Degree of tax on Spanish taxpayers and impressions on tax fraud (summary)
- Evolution of impressions on tax burden on Spanish taxpayers (2003-2018)
- Evolution of impressions on tax fraud in Spain (2003-2018)
- Tax justice
